I-doi moi era umbonileyo ezimbini enkulu-mthetho achievements, ulwaphulo-Mthetho Wokuziphatha, utshintsho ngo, ulwaphulo-Mthetho umgaqo-Nkqubo WokuziphathaUkususela Wesibhozo Iqela Congress in Ngojuni ngo, nangona kunjalo, enew imigaqo zithe ekhutshwe ukuba codify ezikhoyo izixhobo loluntu kwaye ezopolitiko ulawulo kodwa musa conform nge-Mthetho Wokuziphatha. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo loluntu kwaye ezopolitiko ulawulo kwi-Vietnam. Kwaba widely esetyenziswa yi-French colonial abasemagunyeni kwi-s ukuba arrest abo suspected ka-Communist imisebenzi.
I-Communist abasemagunyeni kuba ixesha elide uqeshiwe kakhulu efanayo kuthetha detain abo suspected `isibali-revolutionary' offenses, uninzi forcibly kunye detention ka amakhulu amawaka Afrika Isivietnam kwi-reeducation camps emva kutshazimpunzi wama.
Kunye ukwaziswa Yolawulo Detention Sikhokhelo (CP) watyikitywa Prime Umphathiswa Vo Van Kiet ngoaprili, Isivietnamese urhulumente ngoku reinforcing oku isixhobo solawulo. Sikhokhelo amashumi omnye CP authorizes dolophana-inqanaba Abantu ke Ikomiti kwaye Wonke Ukhuseleko amagosa ukuba detain abantu ngaphandle yovavanyo kuba phakathi ezintandathu ezimbini iminyaka. Inqaku ababini Sikhokhelo amashumi omnye CP ichaza ukuba 'yolawulo detention usebenza nabo abantu kwathathelwa ingqalelo ukuba ingaba violated imithetho, infringing kwi-national zokhuseleko, njengoko kuchazwa kwisahluko omnye, ulwaphulo-Mthetho Wokuziphatha, kodwa abantliziyo utyeshelo lomgaqo-ayikho ezinzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba abe prosecuted criminally.
Ngenxa yokuba akukho mthetho prosecution, ovalelweyo ayikho wazisa ukuba yovavanyo kwaye ke ngoko ingaba akukho ithuba isemthethweni nkqo ekukhuseleni ilungelo.
Yolwaphulo-Ikhowudi, nangona kunjalo, akukho njalo kuba wesizwe ukhuseleko offenses ziqwalaselwe njengoko nantoni na ngaphantsi zolwaphulo mthetho offense.
Inqaku ababini Yolwaphulo-Ikhowudi ichaza ukuba 'kuphela abo abantu committing i-offense ichaziwe kwi-wolwaphulo-mthetho uya kuthatyathwa kuba criminally netyala. Izohlwayo uya kuba kugqitywe nge-iinkundla Detention ka-abantu 'infringing kwi-national ukhuseleko' ngaphandle, ulwaphulo-mthetho prosecution ke mthethweni phantsi bobabini Isivietnam kwaye wamazwe ngamazwe.
Sikhokhelo amashumi omnye M P kunyhasha hayi kuphela, ulwaphulo-Mthetho Ikhowudi kodwa kanjalo Isivietnam-siseko, apho states ngowe-Inqaku ukuba 'akukho abemi baya uqwalaselwe benetyala kwaye netyala ukuba isohlwayo de verdict kufikelelwe kwi-yi-Inkundla kwaye kuza kuyo ukusebenza. Ngexesha isemthethweni komhlaba ngu progressing kwezinye iindawo, yolawulo detention sikhokhelo amashumi omnye CP omele enkulu inyathelo lesi-ngasemva. Yolwaphulo-Ikhowudi, Isahluko omnye kwi-national ukhuseleko ke libanzi-ranging kwaye vaguely worded njengoko ukuvumela prosecution ka-enyanisweni na kunyulo olunoxolo urhulumente critic, kwaye sele izama ukuba isetyenziswe kwi-hlobo. nineteen kubalulekile i-ukuvula ucango ukuba detaining na waqwalasela urhulumente oko okanye abantu mbasa kuba, igosa parlance, 'kwinto embi' okanye 'hostile umkhosi kuba kunyulo olunoxolo ye-evolution. Akukho enye inkcazelo la macandelo owakhe waziva made uluntu nge-noba umntu okanye urhulumente. Kule meko ukuba lwasemaphandleni isiphithiphithi, sikhokhelo ivumela wobulali abasemagunyeni ukuba detain precisely abo bantu bathe protested ngokuchasene zabo urhwaphilizo kwaye abuses amandla.
Phantsi Sikhokhelo amashumi omnye CP, yephondo Abantu ke Ikomiti-sihlalo lugqiba ukuba ovalelweyo kukuba kubanjwa phantsi umlo ngexesha lakhe okanye yakhe kwindawo yokuhlala okanye kwi-i-enye detention ziko.
Dolophana-inqanaba Abantu ke Ikomiti cadres banoxanduva kuba ukugcina esweni iifayile kwi ovalelweyo, ngubani bayakhuthazwa ukuba earn 'credit amanqaku' ngumthetho wokwenza ingxelo kwi-abanye abantu suspected ka-violating umthetho. I-ovalelweyo ngu 'wabeka phantsi ulawulo kunye nemfundo ye-wasekuhlaleni kwaye abantu. Enomda ukufikelela kulwazi lenza ukwenzeka ukuba gauge zingaphi protestors ingaba ngoku ekubeni administratively detained kwi-Isithai Binh kwaye Dong Nai ngaphandle xa ebe wazisa ukuba linge. Enye enkulu isixhobo ukuze kwakhiwe ulawulo ngu sesihloko ye-cinezela. Inqaku ye-Isivietnam-siseko amabango ukuba 'abemi anelungelo inkululeko intetho kwaye inkululeko i-cinezela. Enyanisweni yonke domestic media ingaba imeko-controlled kwaye ngokulawulwa rigorous censorship. Isivietnam kwaye langaphandle journalists ibango ukuba cinezela ulawulo zisuke nkqu tighter ukususela Wesibhozo Iqela Congress ngojuni ngo. I-domestic media ngoku kuba akukho inkululeko ukuphuhlisa kwi-geqe loluntu, kwezopolitiko okanye kwezoqoqosho watchdogs. Umzekelo, nangona lokwenza ingxelo ka-urhwaphilizo wenziwe widely bayakhuthazwa yi-Isivietnam leadership, arrest ngo-oktobha, ka-Nguyen Hoanh Linh, umhleli yoshishino newspaper Doanh Nghiep, kwi imirhumo 'revealing urhulumente secrets' emva lokwenza ingxelo phezulu-inqanaba urhwaphilizo ezingama-Jikelele Isebe Masiko, lubonisa ukuba kuphela politically kuyimfuneko lembonakalo ka-abuses ngu tolerated. amashumi amabini Njengoko malunga lwasemaphandleni isiphithiphithi, trouble amachaphaza ka-Isithai Binh kwaye Dong Nai bahlala ngaphandle-imida langaphandle journalists, kwaye domestic cinezela coverage wenziwe centrally controlled njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, esenza ke ukwenzeka ukwakha i-eyona njongo umfanekiso iziganeko. I-government sikhokhelo yamkelwa kwi- septemba, ngokusemthethweni obliges Isivietnam journalists ukuzuza ukuvunywa ukusuka Kubulungiseleli ka-Inkcubeko kwaye Ulwazi phambi ukuphunyezwa nayiphi na inkcazelo, iinqwelo journalists.
I-sikhokhelo okunokwenzeka ubeka kwi-jeopardy na Isivietnam journalist abo ingene nkqu"ndibhala le leta"qhagamshelana ne-langaphandle journalist.
Oko kuya a ezinzima infringement kwi unelungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha kwaye cinezela, kwaye kubonakalisa tightening solawulo phezu ulwazi flows.
Langaphandle journalists ingaba ngqo esweni lisebe Langaphandle Kubulungiseleli Cinezela Isebe, ngexesha labo wobulali cinezela assistants ingaba obliged ukuba ingxelo yithi rhoqo ngezenzo zawo Kubulungiseleli ka-Umphakathi Cinezela Embindini.
Imizekelo ka-ungcungcuthekiso kwaye nkqu intimidation ka-cinezela assistants kuba ukwanda phezu ophelileyo, ingakumbi ukuba iinqwelo journalist ngu endeavoring ukuba iquke nawuphi na umba deemed elinovakalelo yi-mandla, ezifana zasekuhlaleni isiphithiphithi. Ezi izithintelo ye-cinezela ekuvunyelwene ngawo Inqaku ye-Isivietnam-siseko njengoko cited ngasentla kwaye Inqaku nineteen ye-ICCPR, apho states: 'wonke umntu uya kuba unelungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha eli lungelo iya kuquka inkululeko funani, bamkele baze banikele iinkcukacha kwaye izimvo zonke iintlobo ezininzi ezonakeleyo nokuba frontiers. Kuba bonke ukuba Umntu Unobhala Ingaba Muoi thathwa kwi-aftermath ye-Isithai Binh isiphithiphithi ukuba abantu kufuneka bakwazi zichaziwe yabo yethutyana ngokusebenzisa ngokwesiqu media, domestic cinezela inikezela akukho ithuba ngxoxo-mpikiswano okanye dialogue. Ihlala isiqhagamshelanisi kuba phezulu-phantsi unxibelelwano, kwaye ezi entsha directives smack ka-ngakumbi, ingabi ngaphantsi, imeko yolawulo. Akukho isemthethweni ilungelo elizimeleyo association kwi-Vietnam I- Umthetho kwi-National Iimbumbano ivumela kuba ngokwesiqu organizations, ezifana Ulutsha Union, Abalimi' Union, kwaye loomama Union, apho kuwa phantsi umbrella ka-Iqela ke Fatherland Ngaphambili. Doi moi reforms endiwunike kuvuka entsha kwezoqoqosho inzala amaqela, umzekelo private entrepreneurs, abaqeshi, elizimeleyo abalimi, abo kuwa ngaphandle ezikhoyo isakhiwo se-ngokwesiqu organizations kwaye ke ngoko kuba akukho isemthethweni foram amele zabo umdla kwi-ezopolitiko embindini. Ukuba idilesi oku imfuneko entsha fora, Fatherland Ngaphambili, urhulumente kwaye Iqela zithe drafting entsha umthetho kwi iimbumbano ukuze uphunyezwe yi-yowiso-mthetho.
Ngokunxulumene abacebisi, apho zithe kwiminyaka elishumi imizobo, kodwa akukho sivumelwano kufikelelwe kwi phakathi ezintathu amaqela.
Oku tortuous inkqubo lubonisa ukuba legalizing ka-iimbumbano ngu waqwalasela njengokuba enokwenzeka ezopolitiko threat. Kwi-stark umahluko, directives kwindlela yolawulo detention kwaye cinezela ulawulo akazange kufuna na protracted ngxoxo-mpikiswano phambi ukwamkelwa. Vietnam sele akukho mthetho evumela autonomous domestic nongovernmental organizations. Urhulumente amabango kuba domestic nongovernmental organizations okwangoku. Ummiselo amashumi amathathu anesibini ophunyezwe ngokomgaqo-nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-ekumiseleni Isivietnam ebizwa-'nongovernmental organizations', kodwa ezi kufuneka okunxulumene kwimo umbutho kwaye azizizo politically elizimeleyo. De Vietnam amise ilungelo elizimeleyo association, inzala amaqela eziya ezivelayo ngaphandle kweli lizwe ke anako konke iinguqu ziza kuhlala disenfranchised. Ngaphandle ilungelo noba association okanye free intetho esebenzisa media, zasekuhlaleni protest kuphela ngobuchule khetho kuba abemi ukwenza zabo amazwi abo beva kwi-central ngokunjalo nelasekuhlaleni.
